Which statement best describes a teratogenic risk related to iodine exposure?

• A. Iodine excess or lack
• B. Valproate
• C. Lead poisoning
• D. Cocaine

Answer: (A)

Iodine balance during pregnancy is crucial because thyroid hormone production in the fetus relies on adequate maternal iodine. Both too little and too much iodine can disrupt fetal thyroid function and lead to teratogenic effects, particularly affecting neurodevelopment. Iodine deficiency can cause congenital hypothyroidism and cretinism, with severe intellectual disability and growth problems. Iodine excess can trigger fetal or neonatal hypothyroidism and goiter through the Wolff-Chaikoff effect, potentially impairing development as well. That’s why the statement about iodine excess or lack best describes the teratogenic risk related to iodine exposure. Other listed substances are teratogens too, but they are not related to iodine exposure.